Python Notes

Windows 7 pip

Windows 7安装完Python后可能在Script下找不到pip.exe

解决：在验证Python.exe可以正常运行的情况下可以执行python -m ensurepip

Python Package

Beautifulsoup4

来源：https://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/v4.4.0/#id27

# 安装
pip install beautifulsoup4

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

soup = BeautifulSoup(open("index.html"))
soup = BeautifulSoup("<html>data</html>")
soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text)

# 找到所有div
soup.find_all("div")

# Tab属性
tab.attrs

# div 类名叫certified-c
soup.findAll("div","certified-c")

# 标签属的id属性为lblStartPlaceAB的文字
soup.find(attrs={"id": "lblStartPlaceAB"}).string

# div类名为div-s的div
soup.find("div","div-s").div

# 标签style属性为color:Black的
soup.find_all(attrs={"style": "color:Black"})

Mkdocs && Mkdocstrings—— 生成Python项目API文档

# Install 
pip install mkdocs
pip install mkdocstrings
pip install mkdocstrings-python

# Test install
mkdocs help

# Start
$ mkdocs new my-project
$ cd my-project

# 生成文档
$ mkdocs new "PyDocs"
# 修改配置`mkdocs.yml`
site_name: Python Docs
plugins:
  - mkdocstrings
  - search

# MD文档：
::: 文件夹.脚本名

最后
$ mkdocs build

Pipreqs —— 自动生成`requirements.txt`

# 自动生成Python项目依赖列表
pip install pipreqs

使用：
$ pipreqs /home/project/location
Successfully saved requirements file in /home/project/location/requirements.txt

Usage:
    pipreqs [options] <path>

Options:
    --use-local           Use ONLY local package info instead of querying PyPI
    --pypi-server <url>   Use custom PyPi server
    --proxy <url>         Use Proxy, parameter will be passed to requests library. You can also just set the
                          environments parameter in your terminal:
                          $ export HTTP_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:3128"
                          $ export HTTPS_PROXY="https://10.10.1.10:1080"
    --debug               Print debug information
    --ignore <dirs>...    Ignore extra directories
    --encoding <charset>  Use encoding parameter for file open
    --savepath <file>     Save the list of requirements in the given file
    --print               Output the list of requirements in the standard output
    --force               Overwrite existing requirements.txt
    --diff <file>         Compare modules in requirements.txt to project imports.
    --clean <file>        Clean up requirements.txt by removing modules that are not imported in project.
    --no-pin              Omit version of output packages.

Pyinstaller —— 打包Python项目

# 打包Python程序
pip3 install pyinstaller
# 打包成一个文件
pyinstaller -F xxx.py
# 打包成一个文件夹，-i是图标
pyinstaller xxx.py -i xxx.ico

Requests

# 安装
pip install requests

来源：https://requests.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id2
import requests

# 获取网页
headers = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1'}
r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events',headers = headers)
# 网页源代码
r.text
# 网页编码
r.encoding

# 二进制相应内容
r.content
# 如果是图片：
from PIL import Image
from io import BytesIO
i = Image.open(BytesIO(r.content))

# Json响应数据：
r.json()

# 原始响应内容
r.raw
# <requests.packages.urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810>
r.raw.read(10)
# '\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'

# 保存文本流到文件
with open(filename, 'wb') as fd:
    for chunk in r.iter_content(chunk_size):
        fd.write(chunk)

Selenium —— 浏览器自动化

接管已打开的浏览器

Chromium & Chrome——来源

先决条件

Chrome浏览器-版本63或更高版本
将Chrome浏览器安装目录添加到Path变量中（如果您使用的是Windows）-尽管这不是必需的，但它是可取的，因为它允许使用终端/命令提示符从任何目录打开chrome浏览器。
将Chrome浏览器设为默认的网络浏览器（可选）–在我们的情况下，这是一个特殊的先决条件，因为只有在Chrome是默认的网络浏览器并且它是唯一运行的chrome实例时，才能在以远程调试模式打开的Chrome浏览器中打开报告。

步骤：

使用以下命令之一，使用终端/命令提示符以远程调试模式打开新的Chrome浏览器实例。

/*Ubuntu*/
google-chrome --remote-debugging-port=<remote-port>
/*Windows*/
chrome --remote-debugging-port=<remote-port>
/ Mine / 
chromium --remote-debugging-port=9222

在这两个命令中，将替换为当前未用于任何其他应用程序的四位数端口号。—可以将user-data-dir =

添加到上述命令的末尾，以使用新的配置文件启动Chrome浏览器。

2.在您喜欢的IDE中导航到您的测试框架，并设置系统属性（在Java中）webdriver.chrome.driver指向chrome驱动程序。

例如：

/*Ubuntu*/
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "<path-to-chrome-driver>/chromedriver");
/*Windows*/
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "<path-to-chrome-driver>/chromedriver.exe");

3.如下初始化Chrome驱动程序。（示例代码以Java编程语言提供）

1
2
3

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setExperimentalOption("debuggerAddress","localhost:<remote-port>");
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

很好。您可以使用刚刚初始化的Chrome驱动程序运行自动化测试。

在我们的情况下，在打开Chrome浏览器之后并启动Chrome驱动程序之前，我们在Oracle Forms Application中运行了UI测试，并在打开的Chrome浏览器实例中捕获了生成的报告链接。

测试代码：

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "D:\\drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setExperimentalOption("debuggerAddress", "127.0.0.1:9222"); //此处的端口号一定要ChromeDebug模式启动的端口号相同
//否则报错： Exception in thread "main" org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException: unknown error: cannot connect to chrome at 127.0.0.1:9222
//from chrome not reachable

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
System.out.println(driver.getTitle());

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

# browser = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path='./geckodriver')
# browser = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='./chromedriver')

# 最大化浏览器
# browser.maximize_window()

chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("debuggerAddress", "127.0.0.1:9222")
chrome_driver = "./chromedriver"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=chrome_driver, chrome_options=chrome_options)
print(driver.title)

# 安装
pip install -U selenium

# 配置浏览器驱动：
Chrome: 	https://chromedriver.chromium.org/downloads
Edge: 	https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/webdriver/
Firefox: 	https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases
Safari: 	https://webkit.org/blog/6900/webdriver-support-in-safari-10/
# 火狐为例：
下载geckodriver-v0.28.0-linux64.tar.gz后解压，然后：
sudo mv geckodriver /usr/local/bin
# 或者
export PATH=$PATH:/opt/WebDriver/bin >> ~/.profile

# e.g. 1
from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')

# e.g.2
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

browser = webdriver.Firefox()

browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
assert '百度' in browser.title

elem = browser.find_element(By.NAME, 'wd')  # Find the search box
elem.send_keys('seleniumhq' + Keys.RETURN)

browser.quit()

# 句段
# 打开网站
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
# 获取当前 URL
driver.current_url
# 后退
driver.back()
# 前进
driver.forward()
# 刷新
driver.refresh()
# 获取标题
driver.title
# 每个窗口都有一个唯一的标识符
driver.current_window_handle

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 切换窗口或标签页
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

# 启动驱动程序
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
    # 打开网址
    driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")

    # 设置等待
    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

    # 存储原始窗口的 ID
    original_window = driver.current_window_handle

    # 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
    assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1

    # 单击在新窗口中打开的链接
    driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()

    # 等待新窗口或标签页
    wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))

    # 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
    for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
        if window_handle != original_window:
            driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
            break

    # 等待新标签页完成加载内容
    wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 创建新窗口(或)新标签页并且切换

# 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')

# 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 关闭窗口或标签页

#关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()

#切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 在会话结束时退出浏览器，当你完成了浏览器会话，你应该调用 quit 退出，而不是 close 关闭
driver.quit()
# Python 的 WebDriver 现在支持 Python 上下文管理器，当使用 with 关键字时，可以在执行结束时自动退出驱动程序。
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
  # WebDriver 代码…

# 在此缩进位置后 WebDriver 会自动退出

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Frames and Iframes
框架是一种现在已被弃用的方法，用于从同一域中的多个文档构建站点布局。除非你使用的是 HTML5 之前的 webapp，否则你不太可能与他们合作。内嵌框架允许插入来自完全不同领域的文档，并且仍然经常使用
<div id="modal">
  <iframe id="buttonframe"name="myframe"src="https://seleniumhq.github.io">
   <button>Click here</button>
 </iframe>
</div>
# 这不会工作
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
# 应该这样：
# 存储网页元素
iframe = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#modal > iframe")

# 切换到选择的 iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)

# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
使用 name 或 id
如果您的 frame 或 iframe 具有 id 或 name 属性，则可以使用该属性。如果名称或 id 在页面上不是唯一的， 那么将切换到找到的第一个。
# 通过 id 切换框架
driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
# 还可以使用frame的索引， 例如可以使用JavaScript中的 window.frames 进行查询.
# 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switch_to.frame(1)
# 离开框架
# 切回到默认内容
driver.switch_to.default_content()
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 窗口管理
获取浏览器窗口的大小(以像素为单位)

# 分别获取每个尺寸
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")

# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 设置窗口大小
driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)
# 得到窗口的位置

# 分别获取每个尺寸
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')

# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 设置窗口位置

# 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)

# 最大化窗口
driver.maximize_window()

# 最小化窗口 
driver.minimize_window()

# 全屏窗口
driver.fullscreen_window()

# 屏幕截图
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()

# 元素屏幕截图
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()
  
# Execute Script:截至20210111，Python用不了
# code sample not available please raise a PR 

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 等待
<!doctype html>
<meta charset=utf-8>
<title>Race Condition Example</title>

<script>
  var initialised = false;
  window.addEventListener("load", function() {
    var newElement = document.createElement("p");
    newElement.textContent = "Hello from JavaScript!";
    document.body.appendChild(newElement);
    initialised = true;
  });
</script>

driver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")
el = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "p")
assert el.text == "Hello from JavaScript!"

# 显示、隐式等待
WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=3).until(some_condition)
driver.implicitly_wait(10)

## Alerts 警告框
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See an example alert").click()
# Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
alert = wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())
# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text
# Press the OK button
alert.accept()

## Confirm 确认框
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample confirm").click()
# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())
# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text
# Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
  
## Prompt 提示框
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample prompt").click()
# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())
# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = Alert(driver)
# Type your message
alert.send_keys("Selenium")
# Press the OK button
alert.accept()

## Http 代理
from selenium import webdriver
PROXY = "<HOST:PORT>"
webdriver.DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX['proxy'] = {
    "httpProxy": PROXY,
    "ftpProxy": PROXY,
    "sslProxy": PROXY,
    "proxyType": "MANUAL",

}
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
    # Open URL
    driver.get("https://selenium.dev")

## 网络元素

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Get search box element from webElement 'q' using Find Element
search_box = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
search_box.send_keys("webdriver")


Find Elements 与"Find Element"相似, 但返回的是匹配WebElement列表. 要使用列表中的特定WebElement, 您需要遍历元素列表以对选定元素执行操作.
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
# Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')
for e in elements:
    print(e.text)
    
Find Element From Element 此方法用于在父元素的上下文中查找子元素. 为此, 父WebElement与"findElement"链接并访问子元素.
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
search_form = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "form")
search_box = search_form.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
search_box.send_keys("webdriver")

Find Elements From Element 此方法用于在父元素的上下文中查找匹配子WebElement的列表. 为此, 父WebElement与"findElements"链接并访问子元素.
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
# Get element with tag name 'div'
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'div')
# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = element.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')
for e in elements:
    print(e.text)

Get Active Element 此方法用于追溯或查找当前页面上下文中具有焦点的DOM元素.
  from selenium import webdriver
  from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  driver = webdriver.Chrome()
  driver.get("https://www.google.com")
  driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[name="q"]').send_keys("webElement")
  # Get attribute of current active element
  attr = driver.switch_to.active_element.get_attribute("title")
  print(attr)

Is Element Enabled 此方法用于检查网页上连接的元素是否被启用或禁用. 返回一个布尔值, 如果在当前浏览上下文中启用了连接的元素, 则返回True； 否则返回false .
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Returns true if element is enabled else returns false
value = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'btnK').is_enabled()

Is Element Selected 此方法确定是否 已选择 引用的元素. 此方法广泛用于复选框, 单选按钮, 输入元素和选项元素.
返回一个布尔值, 如果在当前浏览上下文中 已选择 引用的元素, 则返回 True, 否则返回 False.
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes")
# Returns true if element is checked else returns false
value = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='checkbox']:first-of-type").is_selected()

Get Element TagName 此方法用于获取在当前浏览上下文中 具有焦点的被引用元素的 TagName .
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
# Returns TagName of the element
attr = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1").tag_name
  
Get Element Rect 用于获取参考元素的尺寸和坐标.
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
# Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
res = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1").rect
  
获取元素CSS值 获取当前浏览上下文中元素的特定计算样式属性的值.
# Navigate to Url
driver.get('https://www.example.com')
# Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
cssValue = driver.findElement(By.LINK_TEXT, "More information...").value_of_css_property('color')

获取元素文本 获取特定元素渲染后的文本.
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
# Retrieves the text of the element
text = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1").text

## Keyboard
# sendKeys
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Enter "webdriver" text and perform "ENTER" keyboard action
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q").send_keys("webdriver" + Keys.ENTER)

# keyDown
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Enter "webdriver" text and perform "ENTER" keyboard action
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q").send_keys("webdriver" + Keys.ENTER)
# Perform action ctrl + A (modifier CONTROL + Alphabet A) to select the page
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.CONTROL).send_keys("a").perform()

# keyUp
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Store google search box WebElement
search = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
action = webdriver.ActionChains(driver)
# Enters text "qwerty" with keyDown SHIFT key and after keyUp SHIFT key (QWERTYqwerty)
action.key_down(Keys.SHIFT).send_keys_to_element(search, "qwerty").key_up(Keys.SHIFT).send_keys("qwerty").perform()

# clear
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Store 'SearchInput' element
SearchInput = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
SearchInput.send_keys("selenium")
# Clears the entered text
SearchInput.clear()

==================================================================================
在测试中, 您偶尔会需要验证某事物的颜色；问题是网络上的颜色定义不是个常量. 如果有一种简单的方法可以比较颜色的十六进制与RGB呈现, 或者颜色的RGBA与HSLA呈现, 岂不美哉?
from selenium.webdriver.support.color import Color

您现在可以开始创建颜色对象. 每个颜色对象都需要使用您颜色的字符串定义来创建. 支持的颜色定义如下:
HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')

Color类还支持在以下网址中指定的所有基本颜色定义 http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4.
private final Color BLACK = Color.fromString("black");
private final Color CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate");
private final Color HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink");

如果元素上未设置颜色, 则有时浏览器会返回“透明”的颜色值. Color类也支持此功能:
TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')

现在, 您可以安全地查询元素以获取其颜色/背景色, 任何响应都将被正确解析并转换为有效的Color对象:
login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('color'))
login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('background-color'))
然后, 您可以直接比较颜色对象:
assert login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK

## 同选择元素一起工作
选择元素可能需要大量样板代码才能自动化. 为了减少这种情况并使您的测试更干净, 在Selenium的support包中有一个 Select 类. 要使用它，您将需要以下导入语句:
from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select
然后，您能够参考 <select> 元素，基于WebElement创建一个Select对象。
select_element = driver.find_element(By.ID,'selectElementID')
select_object = Select(select_element)
Select对象现在将为您提供一系列命令，使您可以与 <select> 元素进行交互. 首先，有多种方法可以从 <select> 元素中选择一个选项.
<select>
 <option value=value1>Bread</option>
 <option value=value2 selected>Milk</option>
 <option value=value3>Cheese</option>
</select>

# Select an <option> based upon the <select> element's internal index
select_object.select_by_index(1)
# Select an <option> based upon its value attribute
select_object.select_by_value('value1')
# Select an <option> based upon its text
select_object.select_by_visible_text('Bread')
然后，您可以检视所有被选择的选项:
# Return a list[WebElement] of options that have been selected
all_selected_options = select_object.all_selected_options
# Return a WebElement referencing the first selection option found by walking down the DOM
first_selected_option = select_object.first_selected_option

或者您可能只对 <select> 元素包含哪些 <option> 元素感兴趣:
# Return a list[WebElement] of options that the &lt;select&gt; element contains
all_available_options = select_object.options
如果要取消选择任何元素，现在有四个选项:
# Deselect an <option> based upon the <select> element's internal index
select_object.deselect_by_index(1)
# Deselect an <option> based upon its value attribute
select_object.deselect_by_value('value1')
# Deselect an <option> based upon its text
select_object.deselect_by_visible_text('Bread')
# Deselect all selected <option> elements
select_object.deselect_all()
最后，一些 <select> 元素允许您选择多个选项. 您可以通过使用以下命令确定您的 <select> 元素是否允许多选:
does_this_allow_multiple_selections = select_object.is_multiple

## 鼠标动作详细信息
Mouse表示鼠标事件. 鼠标操作是通过使用底层接口执行的, 其允许我们向Web浏览器提供虚拟化的设备输入操作.

clickAndHold 它将移动到该元素，然后在给定元素的中间单击(不释放).
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Store 'google search' button web element
searchBtn = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Sign in")
# Perform click-and-hold action on the element
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold(searchBtn).perform()

contextClick
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Store 'google search' button web element
searchBtn = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Sign in")
# Perform context-click action on the element
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).context_click(searchBtn).perform()

doubleClick
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Store 'google search' button web element
searchBtn = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Sign in")
# Perform double-click action on the element
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).double_click(searchBtn).perform()

moveToElement
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Store 'google search' button web element
gmailLink = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Gmail")
# Performs mouse move action onto the element
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(gmailLink).perform()

moveByOffset: 
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Store 'google search' button web element
gmailLink = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Gmail")
#Set x and y offset positions of element
xOffset = 100
yOffset = 100
# Performs mouse move action onto the element
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).move_by_offset(xOffset,yOffset).perform()

dragAndDrop
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://crossbrowsertesting.github.io/drag-and-drop")
# Store 'box A' as source element
sourceEle = driver.find_element(By.ID, "draggable")
# Store 'box B' as source element
targetEle  = driver.find_element(By.ID, "droppable")
# Performs drag and drop action of sourceEle onto the targetEle
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).drag_and_drop(sourceEle,targetEle).perform()

dragAndDropBy
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://crossbrowsertesting.github.io/drag-and-drop")
# Store 'box A' as source element
sourceEle = driver.find_element(By.ID, "draggable")
# Store 'box B' as source element
targetEle  = driver.find_element(By.ID, "droppable")
targetEleXOffset = targetEle.location.get("x")
targetEleYOffset = targetEle.location.get("y")
# Performs dragAndDropBy onto the target element offset position
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).drag_and_drop_by_offset(sourceEle, targetEleXOffset, targetEleYOffset).perform()

release
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://crossbrowsertesting.github.io/drag-and-drop")
# Store 'box A' as source element
sourceEle = driver.find_element(By.ID, "draggable")
# Store 'box B' as source element
targetEle  = driver.find_element(By.ID, "droppable")
# Performs dragAndDropBy onto the target element offset position
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold(sourceEle).move_to_element(targetEle).perform()
#Performs release event
webdriver.ActionChains(driver).release().perform()

## 同cookies一起工作
添加 Cookie
这个方法常常用于将cookie添加到当前访问的上下文中. 添加Cookie仅接受一组已定义的可序列化JSON对象. 这里 是一个链接, 用于描述可接受的JSON键值的列表
首先, 您需要位于有效Cookie的域上. 如果您在开始与网站进行交互之前尝试预设cookie, 并且您的首页很大或需要一段时间才能加载完毕, 则可以选择在网站上找到一个较小的页面 (通常404页很小, 例如 http://example.com/some404page)

from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "key", "value": "value"})

获取命名的 Cookie
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar"})
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
print(driver.get_cookie("foo"))

获取全部 Cookies
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Get all available cookies
print(driver.get_cookies())

删除 Cookie
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.delete_cookie("test1")

删除所有 Cookies 
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
#  Deletes all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies()

Same-Site Cookie属性 
此属性允许用户引导浏览器控制cookie, 是否与第三方站点发起的请求一起发送. 引入其是为了防止CSRF（跨站请求伪造）攻击.
Same-Site cookie属性接受以下两种参数作为指令
Strict:
当sameSite属性设置为 Strict, cookie不会与来自第三方网站的请求一起发送
Lax:
当您将cookie sameSite属性设置为 Lax, cookie将与第三方网站发起的GET请求一起发送.
注意: 到目前为止, 此功能已在Chrome(80+版本), Firefox(79+版本)中提供, 并适用于Selenium 4以及更高版本.
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Strict'})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo1", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Lax'})
cookie1 = driver.get_cookie('foo')
cookie2 = driver.get_cookie('foo1')
print(cookie1)
print(cookie2)
==================================================================================

XlsxWriter

来源：https://xlsxwriter.readthedocs.io/index.html
# 安装
pip install XlsxWriter

import xlsxwriter

# Create a workbook and add a worksheet.
workbook = xlsxwriter.Workbook('Expenses01.xlsx')
worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet()

# Start from the first cell. Rows and columns are zero indexed.
row = 0
col = 0

# Iterate over the data and write it out row by row.
for item, cost in (expenses):
    worksheet.write(row, col,     item)
    worksheet.write(row, col + 1, cost)
    row += 1

# Write a total using a formula.
worksheet.write(row, 0, 'Total')
worksheet.write(row, 1, '=SUM(B1:B4)')

# 添加格式
cell_format2 = workbook.add_format(props)  # Set properties at creation.
# 分别添加格式
cell_format = workbook.add_format()
cell_format.set_bold()
cell_format.set_font_color('red')

# Add a bold format to use to highlight cells.
bold = workbook.add_format({'bold': 1})

# Add a number format for cells with money.
money_format = workbook.add_format({'num_format': '$#,##0'})

# Add an Excel date format.
date_format = workbook.add_format({'num_format': 'mmmm d yyyy'})

# Adjust the column width.
worksheet.set_column(1, 1, 15)

# Write some data headers.
worksheet.write('A1', 'Item', bold)
worksheet.write('B1', 'Date', bold)
worksheet.write('C1', 'Cost', bold)

# 写入数字
worksheet.write_number('M2',12)

# 其他方法：
write_string()
write_number()
write_blank()
write_formula()
write_datetime()
write_boolean()
write_url()


workbook.close()

You-get —— 视频下载

1
2
3

# 下载Bilibili等网站的视频
pip3 install you-get
you-get 【视频url】

编程类问题

Python类中定义的列表不唯一

解决来源

class Test:
	id = []

# 创建多个实例后，发现更改的id列表是同一个
解决：添加初始化方法，id改为实例参数
class Test:
	def __init__(self):
		self.id = []

Python时间处理(GTM、UTC)

参考：
https://www.cnblogs.com/yuanfang0903/p/11357100.html
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_35462323/article/details/83994563
https://www.cnblogs.com/strivepy/p/10436213.html

字符串时间转datetime：
t_str = "2022-02-18T18:00:00.000+0000"
t_format = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f%z'
dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(t_str, t_format)
# 转北京时间(加八小时)
bjt = dt + datetime.timedelta(hours=8)
# 转时间戳(不要加八小时)
ts = dt.timestamp()
# 今天日期(不是时间)
date = datetime.date.today()
# 转为字符串
dt_str = dt.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')

# 获取GMT
GMT_FORMAT = '%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT'
#输出: Sun, 27 Mar 2022 04:44:44 GMT
gmt = datetime.datetime.utcnow().strftime(GMT_FORMAT)

GMT_FORMAT的格式索引:
%a 本地的星期缩写
%A 本地的星期全称
%b 本地的月份缩写
%B 本地的月份全称
%c 本地的合适的日期和时间表示形式
%d 月份中的第几天，类型为decimal number（10进制数字），范围[01,31]
%f 微秒，类型为decimal number，范围[0,999999]，Python 2.6新增
%H 小时（24进制），类型为decimal number，范围[00,23]
%I 小时（12进制），类型为decimal number，范围[01,12]
%j 一年中的第几天，类型为decimal number，范围[001,366]
%m 月份，类型为decimal number，范围[01,12]
%M 分钟，类型为decimal number，范围[00,59]
%p 本地的上午或下午的表示（AM或PM），只当设置为%I（12进制）时才有效
%S 秒钟，类型为decimal number，范围[00,61]（60和61是为了处理闰秒）
%U 一年中的第几周（以星期日为一周的开始），类型为decimal number，范围[00,53]。在度过新年时，直到一周的全部7天都在该年中时，才计算为第0周。只当指定了年份才有效。
%w 星期，类型为decimal number，范围[0,6]，0为星期日
%W 一年中的第几周（以星期一为一周的开始），类型为decimal number，范围[00,53]。在度过新年时，直到一周的全部7天都在该年中时，才计算为第0周。只当指定了年份才有效。
%x 本地的合适的日期表示形式
%X 本地的合适的时间表示形式
%y 去掉世纪的年份数，类型为decimal number，范围[00,99]
%Y 带有世纪的年份数，类型为decimal number
%Z 时区名字（不存在时区时为空）
%% 代表转义的"%"字符

读取文件的第二个for循环不执行

with open(FilePath, 'r') as f:
		# 首先是核算单张检疫证的总数是否超额
		cal_num = 0
		cert_num = 0
		for line in f:
			print(line)
		# 这个for循环不会执行
		for line in f:
			print(line)
原因：已经读取到文末，需要返回开头
解决：
with open(FilePath, 'r') as f:
		# 首先是核算单张检疫证的总数是否超额
		cal_num = 0
		cert_num = 0
		for line in f:
			print(line)
		# 返回开头
		f.seek(0)
		for line in f:
			print(line)

Python: `json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Unexpected UTF-8 BOM (decode using utf-8-sig)`

import json
# 去掉UTF-8 BOM即可
if json_string.startswith(u'\ufeff'):
    json_string = json_string.encode('utf8')[3:].decode('utf8')
json_obj = json.loads(json_string)

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Python Notes

我的Python笔记

Python Notes

Windows 7 pip

Python Package

Beautifulsoup4

Mkdocs && Mkdocstrings—— 生成Python项目API文档

Pipreqs —— 自动生成`requirements.txt`

Pyinstaller —— 打包Python项目

Requests

Selenium —— 浏览器自动化

接管已打开的浏览器

XlsxWriter

You-get —— 视频下载

编程类问题

Python类中定义的列表不唯一

Python时间处理(GTM、UTC)

读取文件的第二个for循环不执行

Python: `json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Unexpected UTF-8 BOM (decode using utf-8-sig)`

FEATURED TAGS

FRIENDS

Python Notes

Windows 7 pip

Python Package

Beautifulsoup4

Mkdocs && Mkdocstrings—— 生成Python项目API文档

Pipreqs —— 自动生成requirements.txt

Pyinstaller —— 打包Python项目

Requests

Selenium —— 浏览器自动化

接管已打开的浏览器

XlsxWriter

You-get —— 视频下载

编程类问题

Python类中定义的列表不唯一

Python时间处理(GTM、UTC)

读取文件的第二个for循环不执行

Python: json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Unexpected UTF-8 BOM (decode using utf-8-sig)

FEATURED TAGS

FRIENDS

Pipreqs —— 自动生成`requirements.txt`

Python: `json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Unexpected UTF-8 BOM (decode using utf-8-sig)`